A merican P hi losophical S ocie t y

FIELD TRIP PURPOSE The aim of this research was to examines and sampled sites with different characteristics (e.g. silica content) from the El Tatio geyser area where the precipitation of amorphous silica affords cyanobateria with an effective screen against UV radiation, and allow to their (cellular) ultrastructures in order to better understand their potential in biosignatures and their fossilizations (see the submitted project). This study was expected to expand the recognition of the actual origin of bacteriomorphs and other alleged microbial morphologies through the reconstruction of their shape and composition with a comparative investigation of modern and fossil examples from a range of environmental setting such as El Tatio, Chile.

new flooring in the basement and sub-basement has increased linear shelf space by well over a mile. Renovations also included the installation of a large, well-equipped, and secure area for the storage and care of the Society's physical artifacts, which will soon be moved from a cramped storage space in Richardson Hall. Because short-term Library fellows have not been able to use the Library for the past two years, the Reading Room is now filled with scholars making up for lost time.
No sooner had the Library renovation been completed than we began a substantial renovation in Benjamin Franklin Hall, which was closed until mid-September. For many years, the Philadelphia Chamber Music Society (PCMS) has held a few of its concerts in Franklin Hall, and in 2020-2021 all of them were held there, either virtually or with no more than 25 patrons in the audience. The APS has partnered with PCMS to fund the renovation with substantial support from the Pew Center for Arts & Heritage and the Presser Foundation. The improvements will include a six-foot extension of the stage to a depth of 14 feet, replacement of the technical booth above the balcony with a larger facility, improvements in sound recording, and creation of a combination "green room" and meeting space on the third floor above the stage. Once the renovations are complete, PCMS will rent the hall for some 25 concerts each year, and, of course, the Society will benefit from the improvements for its events.
The management training firm Kaleel Jamison Consulting Group (KJCG) met with staff this year for diversity, equity, and inclusion training. We have This item has been adopted by Jay Stiefel through the Society's Adopt-a-Book program.
These tax-deductible donations allow the APS to continue to build the collection and preserve it for future generations. For more information, see https://www.amphilsoc.org/adopt-a-book.
made several changes-some of which are simply restorations of pre-pandemic practices-in response to subgroup reports that were created by staff in the course of the KJCG training. These include more information about staff benefits, regular all-staff meetings, improved personnel and onboarding practices, and regular online training in anti-harassment and prodiversity practices.
This year saw three APS staff retirements. In August 2021, Marilyn Vignola retired from the Society. She served as Special Executive Assistant to numerous Executive Officers for the past 20 years. Her successor is Sally Warren, who comes to the APS with training in art history, historic preservation, and legal assistance and experience in private industry. In December 2021, Mary McDonald retired after serving as Director of Publications for 20 years. Peter Dougherty of Princeton University Press has now joined us in an advisory role to counsel the Society as it looks toward a new phase of the APS Press. And in May 2022, with 18 years at the Society, Charles Greifenstein retired as Associate Librarian and Curator of Manuscripts.
Despite the difficulties of the past two years, the APS staff has continued to work splendidly on behalf of the Societyespecially in finding new ways to pursue the Society's mission by virtual communication. APS staff and fellows have contributed to the wonderfully sociable and intellectually stimulating culture of the Society. As a participatory organization, many Members and others have also contributed to the Society through service on the Council and our many governing committees. My hearty thanks go to all. of Independence." The conference drew together scholars, public historians, leaders of cultural institutions, and members of the public to discuss the themes that should be explored as part of the upcoming 250th commemoration of 1776, or the Semiquincentennial, in 2026. It also marked the public launch of the David Center for the American Revolution at the APS, a collaboration between the APS and the David Library of the American Revolution. At this conference, the APS also announced the beta version of one of its contributions to 2026: therevolutionarycity. org. This site will host all of the digitized manuscripts that relate to Philadelphia and the American Revolution. The initial site is a partnership among the APS, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and Library Company of Philadelphia, and was supported by grants from the Institute of Museum and Library Services and the NEH. In addition to contributing our manuscripts, the APS will support the site's infrastructure. We have built it so that it can expand to include contributions from other repositories around the world, so we expect it to continue to grow in the years ahead. I hope you will check it out! In the spring, the APS followed up on "Meanings of Independence" with a symposium on open data. "Open Data: Reuse, Redistribution, and Risk" highlighted the various ways digital humanists and library professionals have used new technology to make materials more accessible or illuminate what they tell us. The Society organized the conference to highlight our own Center for Digital Scholarship (CDS) and its Open Data Initiative. The center's commitment to making its digital data as freely available as possible has been the backbone of their recent projects, namely the digitization and transcription of both Benjamin Franklin's postal books and Eastern State Penitentiary's ledgers and the intake records. CDS's most recent project is a partnership with the University of Virginia's Center for Digital Editing and the Thomas Jefferson Papers at Princeton University. Together, these institutions will create an open-source platform for organizations to digitize and transcribe historic weather data.
The Center for Native American and Indigenous Research's Native American Scholars Initiative also grew considerably. The Mellon Foundation renewed and expanded their support for the program to $1.6 million. This grant allowed the Society to hire an engagement coordinator, who will enhance CNAIR's ability to work in collaboration with Native communities. We will also be able to launch a new Career Pathways fellowship, which will provide a recent PhD recipient with hands-on experience in a museum or library setting.
Of course, the collection continued to grow in a myriad of ways. We acquired the papers of Beatrice Mintz (APS 1982), a pioneering scientist at Fox Chase Cancer Center-a wonderful addition in advance of our Women in Science exhibition. We also acquired two significant early American manuscripts. One is a list of plants owned by William Bartram (APS 1768), who supervised the oldest botanical garden in the United States. Originally built by his father and APS founder John Bartram, the garden expanded and improved dramatically under William's supervision. This document contains vital information on Bartram's work and holdings. We also purchased a cache of Franklin's personal financial receipts from the last year of his life. Several APS Members appear in these records, and they add to the corpus of financial accounts we have from Franklin. Our collecting continues to evolve to reflect larger changes in society, and in the past few years we've seen a surge in born-digital materials. Thanks to our Martine A. and Bina Aspen Rothblatt Digital Archivist, we can now accept these materials-including our first donation of iPods!-and preserve them for posterity, just as we do with more traditional paper materials.
As we look ahead to the next year, we are very excited about our upcoming exhibition on Women in Science. It will showcase both the depth and richness of our collection and the many contributions of APS Members and others. We plan to host a two-part conference series on "Women in Science: Barriers, Achievements, and Opportunities," launch an oral history project, and produce a fascinating digital network analysis based on a sample of the correspondence of women scientists in our collection. If you are interested in learning more about any of these initiatives, please don't hesitate to contact us. And we hope that we might see you in person at the APS in the coming year! Patrick spero, Librarian and Director of the Library & Museum library library early form of policing. These scholars set up shop in a newly designed fellows' suite on the first floor of Richardson Hall. The program will expand further this fall when our first National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) sabbatical fellow, an award given to a senior scholar, arrives on campus.
Our summer was also filled with interns and special projects. We had three dynamic undergraduate interns-in-residence as part of our Native American Scholars Initiative (NASI) undergraduate internship program. We also held two Digital Knowledge Sharing Workshops, one of which made up for the cohort whose workshop was canceled due to the pandemic. These workshops bring together scholars, many of whom are based in Native communities, who are working on community-based digital archival projects. The workshops allow them to present their work, share best practices, and build connections with each other.
In October, during a moment when the pandemic seemed to recede, we hosted our first hybrid conference, "Meanings he resPonse was overwhelming. Scholars who had been hungry to access our materials streamed through our doors, especially during the summer when we often had a full room. This reminded all of us thateven though we had been virtual for two years and digitized approximately 60,000 pages a year to meet researcher demandthe original materials remain vital. With over 14 million pages of manuscripts in our collection, even our robust digitization program can never replace the real thing or replicate the transformative experience of sitting in a quiet room holding an original letter-creating a concrete connection between the researcher and their subject.
The reopening of the Reading Room was just one of the many "returns" we experienced, even as we continued to navigateand were sometimes battered by-the uncertainties of a pandemic. We welcomed a full slate of year-long fellows focused on a number of different specialties, including Mayan iconography, the history of statistics and medicine, slavery and the American Revolution, and the creation and operation of night watches in colonial seaports-an 2 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2022 librarian although this past year had many highlights, perhaps the most exciting news to come out of the library was the reopening of the Reading Room to researchers.   , a Chicago lawyer, author, and art collector who was the first person to buy radically modern paintings by Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia at the 1913 Armory Show, the first American collector to purchase works by Vasily Kandinsky and Paul Klee, and arguably the first person to write a book about modern art in the United States.

From the
James Logan's "The Duties of Man Deduced from Nature": An Analysis of the Unpublished Manuscript (Transactions, vol. 111, part 3) by Norman Fiering explores an unpublished work by James Logan (1674-1751), a Philadelphia statesman and scholar whose passion for learning is exemplified in the scholar's library he amassed of nearly 3,000 titles. Fiering analyzes the treatise on moral philosophy that Logan wrote in 1734, but which now survives only as a manuscript that until about 1969 was assumed to be dispersed in the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania or altogether lost.
Inspired by the APS's digitization of Benjamin Franklin's postal records and From the aPs Press conservation By the end of Jenni's first week in the lab, she and Anne had picked the treatment projects for the remaining seven weeks. One work that caught Jenni's eye early on was from the Duhamel du Monceau/ Fougeroux de Bondaroy papers-an architectural drawing, "Plan du Pavé du sanctuarie de l'Église de Vrigny" (1787), rendered in brown pen and ink on a beautiful medium-blue antique laid paper. This item had a large loss to the paper that needed insertion with a new paper fill. Also from the same collection, Jenni chose a small gouache botanical painting on parchment. The paint was very fragile and loose in areas from the underlying support. Because this is a recent favorite of Patrick Spero's for inclusion in Treasures Tours, it was im-portant to secure all loose paint to avoid further damage from handling and storage. Her most time-consuming project was a large lithographic print, "The Washington Family" (post-1805, after the painting by Edward Savage), from the David Library of the American Revolution. This last one, or "George and Company" as she liked to call it, presented one bugaboo of a conservation treatment. That poor print had been much loved over the years prior to our receiving it-it had been torn, taped, torn again, taped again, and overpainted-in addition to having large parts of the paper and image missing. One form of love was the mending of tears with pressure-sensitive tape (you may know this as the kind of tape your grandmother used in copious amounts to wrap your birthday presents with when you were a kid). One kind person took it upon themselves to remove the older tape, which caused dark stains that seeped through to the front, with newer, paper-based tape that is purportedly "archival." This tape in itself, despite clever marketing claims, is almost never appropriate to use. If you truly need to mend a piece of paper, call a conservator to get some advice on what you may do safely at home.* Many, many hours of conservation treatment later, the print was completed on Jenni's last day at the APS. Although Anne wasn't able to share in her triumph in person (after contracting Covid-19, Anne spent the day checking in via Zoom), the end result was masterful.
On reflection, Anne noticed a small and subtle shift over those eight weeks in the teacher-student dynamic. As they worked together, and became more familiar with one another's styles, Anne began to drink in all of the conservation information Jenni had come armed with-not only from her past years' experience at Buffalo, but also from her prior work at the Mobile Botanical Gardens. Jenni had much to impart and, in the process, made the lab a better place and Anne a better conservator and teacher of conservation.
Anne Downey, Head of Conservation It's been a while since we've had a "Buff State" intern in the Conservation Department, and Anne was curious to work with an emerging conservator from the program-which turned out to be an excellent decision. Over the course of the summer, it became increasingly clear that Jenni brought an unexpected level of background knowledge, connoisseurship, visual acuity, skill, and sensitivity along with her to the lab.
When the department plans potential summer treatment projects, we try to help round out an intern's "tool kit" of skills, as well as enhance exposure to varied media and types of collection materials. With Jenni, Anne initiated some of this decisionmaking a month before she arrived. She started by looking at a document compiled by former intern Jessica Silverman that lists all basic treatment competencies that a paper conservator should be familiar with early on in their career. The list includes the most basic (dry surface cleaning-what most folks think of as erasing) to the more esoteric (chemically altering darkened lead white paint so that it appears white again). All in all, 82 skills-including a variety of examination, documentation, and testing techniques-are important to experience as a student works toward becoming a professional paper conservator. From this document, Jenni selected 14 potential skills. With our rich collection materials, it was certain that we would be able to meet her needs while serving the needs of the Library & Museum. Returning to in-Person internships: spotlight on Jenni Krchak *the american institute for conservation has a "Find a Professional" tool that will help you locate a conservator who may be able to provide advice for basic home care, in addition to conservation services: https://www.culturalheritage.org/aboutconservation/find-a-conservator We try to help round out an intern's "tool kit" of skills, as well as enhance exposure to varied media and types of collection materials.

A History of Climate Science in America
Now on view at the APS Museum, this exhibition explores the questions and methods that have driven the study of weather and climate in America from the mid-18th century through today.

"Some are weatherwise, some are otherwise."
-Poor Richard's Almanac for 1735 benJamin franklin squeezed this proverb into the bottom corner of a page of his Almanac full of calendrical, astronomical, and climatic information. We viewed it as an invitation to show that everyone can become weatherwise and share how that process unfolded in America. Americans have long been curious about the weather. Europeans arriving on this continent had many questions about their new home. Temperature, precipitation, wind, and other weather phenomena drew their attention. Through observation, documentation, and collaboration-often with knowledge acquired from Indigenous peoples-they began to understand the climate.
Becoming Weatherwise draws upon the Library & Museum's extensive collections, including the weather journal of James Madison (APS 1785), a 15-foot map of a tornado's path, portraits of Thomas Jefferson (APS 1780) and Herman Goldstine (APS 1979), and various weather visualizations. The materials in the exhibition highlight the importance of work by amateurs and professionals who have worked collaboratively to study weather and climate in the interest of agriculture, human health and comfort, military dominance, and simple curiosity. In addition, the exhibition considers how ideas about climate and weather have changed over time.
desire to understand the world and use this knowledge to improve society remained a guiding principle.
Scientists also embraced new technology that produced more data with greater precision. Scientific organizations and the federal government began to compile data and to standardize data and methods. As data collections grew, accurate forecasting became possible, and climate scientists developed more compelling ways to display their findings. l Methods and Motivations l in the 19th anD 20th centuries, the study of climate and weather became a more professional discipline. In addition, scientific organizations and the U.S. government, especially the military, were motivated by national priorities to study the weather and climate. As a result, scientists embarked on new research to better predict destructive storms, find ways to increase agricultural productivity, improve public health, and address various military interests. These were just some of the motivating factors that led to new methods of climate scientific practice. Throughout, the studies enabled scientists and the U.S. government to think about how storms formed, how they moved, and how to warn citizens.
Featured in the exhibition is a chart produced by the government about storm tracking. In 1900, hurricane prediction and forewarning technologies were still in their early stages. This chart maps the movement of a hurricane that unexpectedly hit Galveston, Texas. It remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history, having claimed nearly 8,000 lives.
l Motivation: l Forecasting and Control as technology increaseD the quantity, speed, and accuracy of data, scientists began deciphering weather patterns and climatic trends. These new and improved methods led to a long-held goal of meteorology: precise forecasting. Advances in science also deepened understanding of weather phenomena, such as how precipitation occurs.
In the mid-1900s, scientists were exploring the possibility of cloud seeding. In the 1930s, America's Southern plains entered a dramatic drought caused by farming practices that removed too much topsoil. The drought led to huge dust storms that earned the region the nickname "The Dust Bowl." l Motivation: Storms l Professional anD amateur scientists have studied storms in a variety of ways. Some observers recorded data and published written descriptions. Others created dramatic graphic representations of momentous storms. At their core, these l Climate Enlightened l During the enlightenment, many Europeans and North American colonists understood that climate had significant effects on life. However, Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt (APS 1804) took it a step further. He theorized that the world's environment was interconnected and that man-made changes in an ecosystem could have ripple effects. Humboldt gained this perspective by traveling the world, including South and North America, and taking careful and comprehensive measurements and observations. His unified theory of the environment laid the foundations for modern climate science.
American climate scientists drew upon European theories and practices while adding their own observations. For example, Thomas Jefferson believed Americans could and should change their environment to better suit their needs, an opinion directly opposed by Humboldt. For Jefferson, the future of the United States was agrarian. He wanted the country to settle new territory, eliminate Native resistance, cultivate farmland, and take advantage of the climate to maintain a vibrant republic.
Jefferson's plans for expansion required knowledge of new lands, climates, and peoples. Explorers and others in his networks ventured throughout North America, recording weather and other data from Indigenous l Method: Visualizing Data l scientists PublisheD their observations in charts, graphs, and datasets so their findings could be utilized in daily life or repurposed for other studies. One of the main ways that scientists displayed their findings was through mapping.
In the late 19th century, the invention of the telegraph allowed weather observers to send their data with greater speed and ease. As more information flowed in, scientists were better able to analyze weather patterns and draw connections between distant places. This also prompted scientists to create more up-to-date maps of national weather phenomena.
l Motivation: Human Health l before germ theory was accepted in the late 19th century, Americans believed that the climate could cause certain diseases. Climate and health were so connected that during the War of 1812, the U.S. government had military surgeons collect weather data in hopes that the information could be used to improve the Army's health. This marked the first organized effort of systematic weather data collection and forecasting by the federal government. project that featured contributions from meteorologist Jule Charney and the computer scientists John von Neumann (APS 1938) and Herman Goldstine (APS 1979), among others. As a result, ENIAC produced the first computer-based weather forecast in 1950.
This emerging field of computing opened new horizons for climate science and forecasting. For example, climate scientists could create larger-scale and global models that mathematically demonstrated the connectedness of the Earth's climate, proving Humboldt's theories correct.
l One World, Many Voices l climate science is a rapidly changing discipline, and scientists continue to develop new methods and technologies that advance our knowledge. Humanity's impact on the climate has been studied and debated for centuries. Historical data helps to provide more accurate predictions of the Earth's climate now and into the future.
Since the mid-20th century, scientists have overwhelmingly agreed with the Humboldtian view that man-made change has damaged the Earth. New computing technology in the 1980s allowed scientists to quantify the harm.
Community science offers another way for scientists to collect data and broaden their collaborative networks. People of all ages and backgrounds make observations and share them with scientists. Science doesn't only come from scientists.
From 1938 to 1942, the APS coordinated several Philadelphia-based community science projects. In one project, interested residents studied the rings of some of the area's oldest trees to identify historical weather patterns. An amateur participant, Elma Holmes, developed the method for collecting tree ring patterns on paper.
Scientists and others have sounded alarms about the current climate crisis long before the 21st century. Previously ignored voices are now being brought to the fore. Today, global communities share resources and knowledge about the climate. Scientists, historians, and community participants are working to better understand what our future world will look like.
The Becoming Weatherwise exhibition ends as it began, with visitors facing the Franklin quote, "some are weatherwise, some are otherwise," and being asked, "Which will you be?" visitor enters the Becoming Weatherwise exhibition they can see what it was like in Germantown in 1838. It might surprise you how similar (and at times dissimilar) the temperatures are.
This year, we were also able to welcome school groups back to the APS. The first group we welcomed in March was Springside Chestnut Hill Academy. In a poignant twist, this school was the last school visit we had before the onset of the pandemic. Another highlight of school visits to the APS this year was with the LaSalle College High School Robotics Team in July. The group, through the efforts of Museum Manager Craig Fox, transcribed data from one of Matthew Fontaine Maury's Storm and Rain Charts, which is on display in the exhibition. The energy and enthusiasm of teachers and students visiting (and collaborating with) the APS has been a great boost throughout this year as in-person programming has been able to resume. We have not lost sight of the work done in the virtual realm last year as we celebrated in-person happenings! With the release of Ken Burns's Benjamin Franklin documentary, Head of Education Programs Mike Madeja was able to boost and share virtual resources from the Dr. Franklin, Citizen Scientist exhibition. In collaboration with local broadcasting companies, we were able to share links, classroom materials, and more with those educators and learners interested in Franklin and his legacy. From podcast interviews to conversations with PBS Books, the breadth of the Society's strengths and efforts were on full display for many new audiences through this renewed and sustained interest in our work on the founder of particular interest to us here at the APS.
While introducing the APS to new audiences, we often mention that collaboration is a deeply ingrained part of the Society's DNA (and history). Collaborations this year have allowed educational programs to broadcast that message a bit wider. Of equal significance, those collaborations have allowed educational programs to reconnect and strengthen relationships both inside and outside of the APS. michael madeja,

Head of Education Programs
This is especially true for one of the exhibition's displays: a weather-on-this-day digital display derived from transcribed weather data gathered by early scientist Ann Haines in 1838. Through a series of programs that took place January-March 2022, the public helped APS educators transcribe a year's worth of data in Ann's weather journal. The program attendees worked in groups to decipher, transcribe, and input the data they encountered in the journal. The end result? Any time a he Past year has focused very much on collaboration. Whether internal, with other departments like the Center for Digital Scholarship, or external, with schools and local organizations, collaborations have resulted in high levels of learning and engagement for audiences (plus plenty of fun along the way). Museum Education Coordinator Ali Rospond spearheaded the Community Science Weather Data project and a program series to transcribe a historic weather journal. Both speak to this theme of collaboration.
Fall 2021 was the kick-off of the second year of the Community Science Weather Data Project with William W. Bodine High School for International Affairs and Newtown Middle School. Inspired by the historic weather journals of Thomas Jefferson, David Rittenhouse, James Madison, and Ann Haines found in the APS archives, this program continues a tradition of citizen science at the Society. Ali Rospond organized and facilitated a weather data collection project with Bodine's AP Environmental Science class and Newtown's eighth-grade classes. In all, we engaged with about 79 students in the 2021-2022 school year. These students learned about the APS, the long history of weather data collection, how to collect weather data, and that everyone can participate in science. In the morning and afternoon, students collected basic weather data: temperature, air pressure, wind speed, general weather, and general observations. Students learned how to use meteorological instruments, and how to work collaboratively in small groups. Throughout the project they had to communicate with their group members, just as scientists communicate and work together today. Also, as part of this project we were able to enlist both schools' students and have them be part of the Becoming Weatherwise exhibition. One of the weather data notebooks from Bodine High School, a picture of Newtown Middle School students collecting data, and quotes from both Newtown and Bodine students talking about their thoughts on climate and climate change are featured prominently in the exhibition. Along with these moments, the theme of collaboration is shown throughout the current exhibition.
l Method: Creating Standards l stanDarDization is essential for scientists to share and analyze data in useful ways. As the study of climate became a scientific discipline, inventive individuals, leading scientists, organizations, and government bodies worked together to create standards for collecting and conveying weather information. Such standards included units of measurement, symbols, and visuals used to capture, summarize, and present large amounts of data. Their efforts created a way for diverse groups to share their data and collaborate.
l Method: Collaborations l american scientific institutions systematically collected and stored weather recordings in central databases. These collections provided the material scientists needed to study and analyze weather on larger scales. As a leading national organization, the APS took an active and early role in this field.
Climate scientists also created their own collaborative projects. For example, they often brought in experts from different or emerging fields, like mathematics and computer science, to develop new methods for studying the climate. Please keep an eye out for upcoming events in the monthly e-newsletter and on the APS website. We'd love to see you! seen at the 12 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2022 1 2 5 3